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Exam overview

Exam overview

Vendor

 Eccouncil

Exam Code

 312-50

Exam Name

 Certified Ethical Hacker v13

TOTAL QUESTIONS

 614

Actual Exam Duration

 240 Minutes

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Q1: Your network infrastructure is under a SYN flood attack. The attacker has crafted an automated botnet to simultaneously send 's' SYN packets per second to the server. You have put measures in place to manage 'f SYN packets per second, and the system is designed to deal with this number without any performance issues. If 's' exceeds 'f', the network infrastructure begins to show signs of overload. The system's response time increases exponentially (24k), where 'k' represents each additional SYN packet above the ff limit. Now, considering 's=500' and different 'f values, in which scenario is the server most likely to experience overload and significantly increased response times?

A: f=510: The server can handle 510 SYN packets per second, which is greater than what the attacker is sending. The system stays stable, and the response time remains unaffected

B: f=495: The server can handle 495 SYN packets per second. The response time drastically rises (245 = 32 times the normal), indicating a probable system overload

C: f=S05: The server can handle 505 SYN packets per second. In this case, the response time increases but not as drastically (245 = 32 times the normal), and the systern might still function, albeit slowly

D: f=420: The server can handle 490 SYN packets per second. With 's' exceeding 'f by 10, the response time shoots up (2410 = 1024 times the usual response time), indicating a system overload Explanation: A SYN flood attack is a type of denial-of-service (DoS) attack that exploits the TCP handshake process by sending a large number of SYN requests to the target server, without completing the connection. This consumes the connection state tables on the server, preventing it from accepting new connections. The attacker has crafted an automated botnet to simultaneously send 's' SYN packets per second to the server. The server can handle 'f' SYN packets per second without any performance issues. If 's' exceeds 'f', the network infrastructure begins to show signs of overload. The system's response time increases exponentially (24k), where 'k' represents each additional SYN packet above the 'f' limit. Considering 's=500' and different 'f' values, the scenario that is most likely to cause the server to experience overload and significantly increased response times is the one where 'f=420'. This is because 's' is greater than 'f' by 80 packets per second, which means the server cannot handle the incoming traffic and will eventually run out of resources. The response time shoots up (2480 = 281,474,976,710,656 times the normal response time), indicating a system overload. The other scenarios are less likely or less severe than the one where 'f=420'. Option A has 'f=510', which is greater than 's', so the system stays stable and the response time remains unaffected. Option B has 'f=495', which is less than 's' by 5 packets per second, so the response time drastically rises (245 = 32 times the normal response time), indicating a probable system overload, but not as extreme as option D. Option C has 'f=505', which is less than 's' by 5 packets per second, so the response time increases but not as drastically (245 = 32 times the normal response time), and the system might still function, albeit slowly.Reference: SYN flood DDoS attack | Cloudflare SYN flood - Wikipedia What Is a SYN Flood Attack? | F5 What is a SYN flood attack and how to prevent it? | NETSCOUT

Correct Answer: D

Q2: A well-resourced attacker intends to launch a highly disruptive DDoS attack against a major online retailer. The attacker aims to exhaust all the network resources while keeping their identity concealed. Their method should be resistant to simple defensive measures such as IP-based blocking. Based on these objectives, which of the following attack strategies would be most effective?

A: The attacker should instigate a protocol-based SYN flood attack, consuming connection state tables on the retailer's servers

B: The attacker should execute a simple ICMP flood attack from a single IP, exploiting the retailer's ICMP processing

C: The attacker should leverage a botnet to launch a Pulse Wave attack, sending high-volume traffic pulses at regular intervals

D: The attacker should initiate a volumetric flood attack using a single compromised machine to overwhelm the retailer's network bandwidth Explanation: A Pulse Wave attack is a type of DDoS attack that uses a botnet to send high-volume traffic pulses at regular intervals, typically lasting for a few minutes each. The attacker can adjust the frequency and duration of the pulses to maximize the impact and evade detection. A Pulse Wave attack can exhaust the network resources of the target, as well as the resources of any DDoS mitigation service that the target may use. A Pulse Wave attack can also conceal the attacker's identity, as the traffic originates from multiple sources that are part of the botnet. A Pulse Wave attack can bypass simple defensive measures, such as IP-based blocking, as the traffic can appear legitimate and vary in source IP addresses. The other options are less effective or feasible for the attacker's objectives. A protocol-based SYN flood attack is a type of DDoS attack that exploits the TCP handshake process by sending a large number of SYN requests to the target server, without completing the connection. This consumes the connection state tables on the server, preventing it from accepting new connections. However, a SYN flood attack can be easily detected and mitigated by using SYN cookies or firewalls. A SYN flood attack can also expose the attacker's identity, as the source IP addresses of the SYN requests can be traced back to the attacker. An ICMP flood attack is a type of DDoS attack that sends a large number of ICMP packets, such as ping requests, to the target server, overwhelming its ICMP processing capacity. However, an ICMP flood attack from a single IP can be easily blocked by using IP-based filtering or disabling ICMP responses. An ICMP flood attack can also reveal the attacker's identity, as the source IP address of the ICMP packets can be identified. A volumetric flood attack is a type of DDoS attack that sends a large amount of traffic to the target server, saturating its network bandwidth and preventing legitimate users from accessing it. However, a volumetric flood attack using a single compromised machine may not be sufficient to overwhelm the network bandwidth of a major online retailer, as the attacker's machine may have limited bandwidth itself. A volumetric flood attack can also be detected and mitigated by using traffic shaping or rate limiting techniques.Reference: Pulse Wave DDoS Attacks: What You Need to Know DDoS Attack Prevention: 7 Effective Mitigation Strategies DDoS Attack Types: Glossary of Terms DDoS Attacks: What They Are and How to Protect Yourself DDoS Attack Prevention: How to Protect Your Website

Correct Answer: A

Q3: You are an ethical hacker contracted to conduct a security audit for a company. During the audit, you discover that the company's wireless network is using WEP encryption. You understand the vulnerabilities associated with WEP and plan to recommend a more secure encryption method. Which of the following would you recommend as a Suitable replacement to enhance the security of the company's wireless network?

A: MAC address filtering

B: WPA2-PSK with AES encryption

C: Open System authentication

D: SSID broadcast disabling Explanation: WEP encryption is an outdated and insecure method of protecting wireless networks from unauthorized access and eavesdropping.WEP uses a static key that can be easily cracked by various tools and techniques, such as capturing the initialization vectors, brute-forcing the key, or exploiting the weak key scheduling algorithm1. Therefore, you should recommend a more secure encryption method to enhance the security of the company's wireless network. One of the most suitable replacements for WEP encryption is WPA2-PSK with AES encryption. WPA2 stands for Wi-Fi Protected Access 2, which is a security standard that improves upon the previous WPA standard. WPA2 uses a robust encryption algorithm called AES, which stands for Advanced Encryption Standard.AES is a block cipher that uses a 128-bit key and is considered to be very secure and resistant to attacks2. WPA2-PSK stands for WPA2 Pre-Shared Key, which is a mode of WPA2 that uses a passphrase or a password to generate the encryption key. The passphrase or password must be entered by the users who want to connect to the wireless network. The key is then derived from the passphrase or password using a function called PBKDF2, which stands for Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2.PBKDF2 adds a salt and a number of iterations to the passphrase or password to make it harder to crack3. WPA2-PSK with AES encryption offers several advantages over WEP encryption, such as: It uses a dynamic key that changes with each session, instead of a static key that remains the same. It uses a stronger encryption algorithm that is more difficult to break, instead of a weaker encryption algorithm that is more vulnerable to attacks. It uses a longer key that provides more security, instead of a shorter key that provides less security. It uses a more secure key derivation function that adds complexity and randomness, instead of a simple key generation function that is predictable and flawed. Therefore, you should recommend WPA2-PSK with AES encryption as a suitable replacement to enhance the security of the company's wireless network.

Correct Answer: B

Q4: An audacious attacker is targeting a web server you oversee. He intends to perform a Slow HTTP POST attack, by manipulating 'a' HTTP connection. Each connection sends a byte of data every 'b' second, effectively holding up the connections for an extended period. Your server is designed to manage 'm' connections per second, but any connections exceeding this number tend to overwhelm the system. Given 'a=100' and variable 'm', along with the attacker's intention of maximizing the attack duration 'D=a*b', consider the following scenarios. Which is most likely to result in the longest duration of server unavailability?

A: m=110, b=20: Despite the attacker sending 100 connections, the server can handle 110 connections per second, therefore likely staying operative, regardless of the hold-up time per connection

B: m=90, b=15: The server can manage 90 connections per second, but the attacker's 100 connections exceed this, and with each connection held up for 15 seconds, the attack duration could be significant

C: 95, b=10: Here, the server can handle 95 connections per second, but it falls short against the attacker's 100 connections, albeit the hold-up time per connection is lower

D: m=105, b=12: The server can manage 105 connections per second, more than the attacker's 100 connections, likely maintaining operation despite a moderate hold-up time

Correct Answer: B

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